Introduction to troposphere characteristics :
The atmosphere has a multi-layered structure consisting of following basic layers. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, and Exosphere.
Troposphere characteristics : Troposphere
The word troposphere derived from the Greek word tropo and it means turbulence or mixing. This is the lower most layer of the atmosphere and is known as troposphere and is the most important layer because almost all the weather events ( e.g fog, cloud, due, frost, hailstorm, storms, cloud-thunder, lightening etc) occur in this layer. Thus the troposphere is utmost significance for all life-forms including man because these are concentrated in the lowermost portion of the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with increasing height at the average rate of 6.50 C per 1000m(1 kilometer) Which is called as normal lapse rate. The height of troposphere changes from equator towards the poles (decreases) and from one season of a year to the other season(increases during summer while decreases during winter). The average height of the troposphere is about 16km over the equator and 6km over the poles. The upper limits of the troposphere is called as TROPOPAUSE.
Troposphere characteristics
Most of the weather phenomena take place in this layer. The troposphere contain almost all the water vapour and most of the dust.
This layer is subjected to intense mixing due both horizontal and vertical mixing.
Temperature decreases with height at an average rate of 10C per 167m of height above sea level. This is called the normal lapse rate.
The troposphere extends up to a height of about 18km at the equator and declines gradually to a height of 8km at the poles.
The upper limit of the troposphere is called the tropopause. The temperature stops decreasing in it. It may be as low as -580C.
All weather changes occur in the troposphere. Since it contains most of the water vapour, clouds forms in this layer.
Friday, May 31, 2013
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Refractive Index Viscosity
Introduction to refractive index and viscosity:
Refractive index and viscosity are fundamental physical properties of a substance, which helps to identify a particular substance to confirm its purity or to measure its concentration.Is this topic Boron Family Name hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
About refractive index and viscosity:
Refractive Index
Light waves travel from one medium to another at different speeds. The refraction index helps in defining light propagation speed, bending angle and the quantity of radiation transmitted and reflected by a material. Refraction index can be measured using the formula n=c/ vp and which can be defined as the ratio of the speed, c to the phase speed, vp, of the wave in the medium.
Refractive index measurement can be done using a refractometer to measure the power of not only solids like gemstones, glass, lenses and prisms but also the concentration of liquids and gases.
Viscosity
A fluid's viscosity can be found when the layers moving at different velocities in a fluid are under stress that moves against the applied force. This resistance of the fluid, which is being deformed with stress, is called viscosity. A substance can be characterized based on the friction between the fluid layers i.e. if a substance is thick then it has high viscosity.
Having problem with dilution problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Classification of viscosity in fluids:
Viscosity in fluids can be classified as:
The fluids such as gases and water that have a constant viscosity are called Newtonian type.
The substances whose viscosity increases with the rate of shear come under the shear thickening type.
The substances whose viscosity decreases with the rate of shear come under the shear thinning type.
Some materials when shaken or agitated that become less viscous are termed under the thixotropic type.
Rheopectic materials are the ones, which tend to become more viscous when shaken or agitated.
When a fluid tends to become a viscoelastic solid under magnetic field thus increasing its viscosity can be termed as magnetorheological fluid.
The viscosity of substances can be measured using viscometers and rheometers using their respective coefficients, which are classified into dynamic, or absolute, kinetic, shear, volume and extensional viscosity.
Refractive index and viscosity are the two important physical properties that help in judging and studying a substance.
Refractive index and viscosity are fundamental physical properties of a substance, which helps to identify a particular substance to confirm its purity or to measure its concentration.Is this topic Boron Family Name hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
About refractive index and viscosity:
Refractive Index
Light waves travel from one medium to another at different speeds. The refraction index helps in defining light propagation speed, bending angle and the quantity of radiation transmitted and reflected by a material. Refraction index can be measured using the formula n=c/ vp and which can be defined as the ratio of the speed, c to the phase speed, vp, of the wave in the medium.
Refractive index measurement can be done using a refractometer to measure the power of not only solids like gemstones, glass, lenses and prisms but also the concentration of liquids and gases.
Viscosity
A fluid's viscosity can be found when the layers moving at different velocities in a fluid are under stress that moves against the applied force. This resistance of the fluid, which is being deformed with stress, is called viscosity. A substance can be characterized based on the friction between the fluid layers i.e. if a substance is thick then it has high viscosity.
Having problem with dilution problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Classification of viscosity in fluids:
Viscosity in fluids can be classified as:
The fluids such as gases and water that have a constant viscosity are called Newtonian type.
The substances whose viscosity increases with the rate of shear come under the shear thickening type.
The substances whose viscosity decreases with the rate of shear come under the shear thinning type.
Some materials when shaken or agitated that become less viscous are termed under the thixotropic type.
Rheopectic materials are the ones, which tend to become more viscous when shaken or agitated.
When a fluid tends to become a viscoelastic solid under magnetic field thus increasing its viscosity can be termed as magnetorheological fluid.
The viscosity of substances can be measured using viscometers and rheometers using their respective coefficients, which are classified into dynamic, or absolute, kinetic, shear, volume and extensional viscosity.
Refractive index and viscosity are the two important physical properties that help in judging and studying a substance.
Prepare Nutrient Agar
Introduction to prepare of nutrient agar:
Nutrient agar is one of the medium for bacteria. Also this is very complex medium since it has the unknown ingredients. Nutrient agar prepare by three types of substances. They are, Beef, Pep-tone and the agar substance present in water. These substances are very much important for the preparation of nutrient agar. There are many materials needed for the preparation for the nutrient agar. We can also prepare agar at the temperature of 450C.Is this topic Hs Chemical Name hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Materials needed to prepare of nutrient agar
To prepare the nutrient agar, the following materials are needed.
1. Electronic equipment
2. Weigh boats substance
3. Wire-gauze asbestos
4. Pipette of 10ml
5. Ph meter buffers
6. Cylinder of 250 ml
7. Three substances
8. Tubes
Having problem with Chemistry Formula Chart keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Prepare nutrient agar
Beef is prepared by the dehydrated format. The final product after extracting beef is the form of paste.
Pep-tone is one of the milk proteins. It is also prepared by the dehydrated format. The final product after extracting pep-tone is the form of powder.
The above two mixtures has the amino acids solution and the peptides.
Agar solution is obtained from the purification of red algae. Then the nutrient agar is added to the medium in the microbiology.
The solution is the form of solidification agent. There is no value for nutrient is present in the agar.
Agar solution will be dissolved in the boiling point and this solution solidifies at the temperature of 450C.
After preparing these things, First step is to weigh the beef extract and then placing this in a flask.
Next step is to weigh the pep-tone and then add this into the flask.
Then amount of distilled water is added to the mixture of gar and pep-tone. Then we have to check the pH value.
By using the Bunsen burner, we have to heat the mixture until the agar dissolve.
Till the agar is warm means add some of water into the flask and then heat again.
Nutrient agar is one of the medium for bacteria. Also this is very complex medium since it has the unknown ingredients. Nutrient agar prepare by three types of substances. They are, Beef, Pep-tone and the agar substance present in water. These substances are very much important for the preparation of nutrient agar. There are many materials needed for the preparation for the nutrient agar. We can also prepare agar at the temperature of 450C.Is this topic Hs Chemical Name hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Materials needed to prepare of nutrient agar
To prepare the nutrient agar, the following materials are needed.
1. Electronic equipment
2. Weigh boats substance
3. Wire-gauze asbestos
4. Pipette of 10ml
5. Ph meter buffers
6. Cylinder of 250 ml
7. Three substances
8. Tubes
Having problem with Chemistry Formula Chart keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Prepare nutrient agar
Beef is prepared by the dehydrated format. The final product after extracting beef is the form of paste.
Pep-tone is one of the milk proteins. It is also prepared by the dehydrated format. The final product after extracting pep-tone is the form of powder.
The above two mixtures has the amino acids solution and the peptides.
Agar solution is obtained from the purification of red algae. Then the nutrient agar is added to the medium in the microbiology.
The solution is the form of solidification agent. There is no value for nutrient is present in the agar.
Agar solution will be dissolved in the boiling point and this solution solidifies at the temperature of 450C.
After preparing these things, First step is to weigh the beef extract and then placing this in a flask.
Next step is to weigh the pep-tone and then add this into the flask.
Then amount of distilled water is added to the mixture of gar and pep-tone. Then we have to check the pH value.
By using the Bunsen burner, we have to heat the mixture until the agar dissolve.
Till the agar is warm means add some of water into the flask and then heat again.
Motion of Molecules in a Solid
Introduction to Motion of Molecules
The first person who actually gives the theory of motion of molecules was Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician who proposed a model showing the motion of molecules in 1900. However, Robert Brown will be credited for the discovery of Motion of molecules because he was the first one to introduce the motion of molecule in his theory of Brownian motion. Motion of molecules is generally related to the movement of molecules in compounds. In addition, this movement or motion differs in different compounds.
I like to share this atomic structure of elements with you all through my article.
About Motion of Molecules in a Solid
As per the postulated given by the scientists it has been said that all molecules are in constant motion. Movement and motion of molecules differ in solids, liquids, gases and plasma. Molecules of a liquid have more degree of freedom to move than solid. Even gases have the highest degree of freedom for the molecules to move more than both solids and gases. Motion of molecules is related with energy. The more energy (in any form like kinetic, potential or heat) will be provided to them the more fast they will move.
In solids the spaces between the molecules is very less as compared to the rest of the phases. Due to highest intermolecular attraction between the atoms and molecules the motion inside a molecules is limited i.e. the molecule sin a solid can only vibrate on their positions instead of moving.
Understanding Formula for Molality is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important facts about the motion of molecules in a solid
Some important facts related to the motion of molecule sin solids are as follows:
The molecules in solids are very closely packed, due to which the motion of molecules in solids is restricted.
The intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules in solids is very strong, due to which molecule tends to show no or very little motion and this is the reason why solids have high melting and boiling points.
Molecules inside the solids vibrate on the mean positions only.
Due to very less spacing and motion between the molecules in a solid, they cannot be compressed.
When solids are heated the molecules gained kinetic energy and vibrate more, this result in the increase of intermolecular distance between the molecules and the solid expands.
Conclusion
The motion of molecules in very important to understand the chemical changes occurring in the compounds. All scientists believe that all molecules are in motion and if there is any change occurring in their motion then the compound will undergo some chemical change.
The first person who actually gives the theory of motion of molecules was Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician who proposed a model showing the motion of molecules in 1900. However, Robert Brown will be credited for the discovery of Motion of molecules because he was the first one to introduce the motion of molecule in his theory of Brownian motion. Motion of molecules is generally related to the movement of molecules in compounds. In addition, this movement or motion differs in different compounds.
I like to share this atomic structure of elements with you all through my article.
About Motion of Molecules in a Solid
As per the postulated given by the scientists it has been said that all molecules are in constant motion. Movement and motion of molecules differ in solids, liquids, gases and plasma. Molecules of a liquid have more degree of freedom to move than solid. Even gases have the highest degree of freedom for the molecules to move more than both solids and gases. Motion of molecules is related with energy. The more energy (in any form like kinetic, potential or heat) will be provided to them the more fast they will move.
In solids the spaces between the molecules is very less as compared to the rest of the phases. Due to highest intermolecular attraction between the atoms and molecules the motion inside a molecules is limited i.e. the molecule sin a solid can only vibrate on their positions instead of moving.
Understanding Formula for Molality is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important facts about the motion of molecules in a solid
Some important facts related to the motion of molecule sin solids are as follows:
The molecules in solids are very closely packed, due to which the motion of molecules in solids is restricted.
The intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules in solids is very strong, due to which molecule tends to show no or very little motion and this is the reason why solids have high melting and boiling points.
Molecules inside the solids vibrate on the mean positions only.
Due to very less spacing and motion between the molecules in a solid, they cannot be compressed.
When solids are heated the molecules gained kinetic energy and vibrate more, this result in the increase of intermolecular distance between the molecules and the solid expands.
Conclusion
The motion of molecules in very important to understand the chemical changes occurring in the compounds. All scientists believe that all molecules are in motion and if there is any change occurring in their motion then the compound will undergo some chemical change.
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